- In the process of Anumāna (inference), to summarize one's line of argument by applying the statement proved through Sādhana (proban or middle term) to Dharmī (the theme to be proved), e.g.,'This (mountain) also has smoke'.
(Pramī 2.1.14)
- Semi-standpoint- That which is close to Naya (non-absolutistic standpoint), and which, inspite of not being Naya, is equivalent to Naya, is called Upanaya, e.g., Sadbhūta Vyavahāranaya. nayānāṃ samīpā upanayaḥ.
(Āpa 3 Vṛ)