A Neglected Śvetāmbara Narrative Collection Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin's Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti Part 1

International Journal of Jaina Studies
(Online) Vol. 9, No. 2 (2013) 1-47

Abstract

The Śvetāmbara teacher Hemacandra Maladhārin (eleventh-twelfth century) is often confused with his near contemporary Hemacandra Kalikālasarvajña. This paper analyses the sources describing his life and works and goes on to focus upon his Prakrit verse collection, the Upadeśamālā, and his autocommentary, the Puṣpamālā. Seventy narratives from the Puṣpamālā are discussed (fifty-eight with identifiable sources, twelve with unidentified sources). An appendix provides text and  annotated translation of Śrīcandrasūri's account of the cremation of Hemacandra Maladhārin's   teacher Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin, possibly the first eye-witness account of a renunciant funeral in pre-modern India.

PDF

Click on image to download the PDF.

A Neglected Śvetāmbara Narrative Collection Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin's Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti Part 1

Scholarly investigation into processes of canonisation in religious traditions has reached such a level of productivity in recent years that it may soon be necessary to establish a canon of outstanding works which discuss the formation of scriptural canons. Research on Jainism has readily acknowledged the interest of this subject, and valuable insights have been gained into the rationales informing the groupings and listings of constituent texts of a variety of Śvetāmbara canons which were introduced from around the middle of the first millennium CE and remained operative into modern times. ^[1] Also of great value has been the identification of practical canons, effectively curricula or syllabi of texts taken from a range of genres and historical contexts, which have provided modern Śvetāmbara renunciants and laypeople with a framework for gaining an informed understanding of the main parameters of Jain doctrine and practice of most direct concern to them. ^[2]

The historian of Śvetāmbara Jainism has an obvious obligation to be sensitive to the significance of established 'insider' versions of canons. Nonetheless, further possibilities remain for identifying informal Śvetāmbara textual groupings which would not readily fall under the standard canonical rubric of 'scriptural' or 'doctrinal'. In this respect I would consider as at least quasi-canonical the group of major Prakrit and Sanskrit novels or romances (kathā / kahā) highlighted by Christine Chojnacki, most notably Uddyotanasūri's Kuvalayamālā and Siddharṣi's Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā, which were written between the seventh and twelfth centuries and whose status was confirmed by their being subsequently epitomised in summary form in the thirteenth century. ^[3] Here the principle governing the selection of these richly imaginative works for epitomising seems to have been their perceived capacity to impart religious edification through entertainment. Simple aesthetic enjoyment would not normally be identified as a major conditioning factor of scriptural canon formation (and in truth is rarely invoked in any context relating to Jain literature and art), but, as Kermode has recently argued, pleasure (however that be defined) can be a singularly serviceable criterion for the establishment of a canon of works of literary imagination.^[4]

The boundaries of canonicity in Jain literature may also be adjusted by retrieving unpublished works once held in high regard but which had for whatever reason disappeared from view (as most recently has been the case with the publication of the first editions of two important Prakrit narrative works, Vijayasiṃhasūri's Bhuyaṇasuṃdarīkahā and Bhadreśvara's Kahāvalī)^[5] and also by reintroducing published but underestimated texts into the ambit of scholarly evaluation. This paper is a preliminary attempt to expand the canon of significant Jain narrative works by drawing attention to a (largely) Prakrit collection to be found within Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin's auto-commentary (svopajñavṛtti) (subsequently epitomised) on his verse prakaraṇa, the Upadeśamālā, "Garland of Instruction", also known as the Puṣpamālā, "Blossom Garland",^[6] which despite having been published over 75 years ago,^[7] albeit in slightly flawed form,^[8] has to all intents and purposes been ignored by scholarship.^[9]

Since Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin has remained a rather shadowy figure in scholarly discussions of this period, it may be useful first to review the sources relating to him and his writings.

1. Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin and his Background

A significant hindrance to the wider appreciation of the historical position of Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin (henceforth HM) is the fact that he can all too easily be confused with his homonymous younger contemporary Hemacandra (1087-1172), often known as Hemacandrācārya or Hemācārya, the court paṇḍit of the Caulukya monarchs Jayasiṃha Siddharāja and Kumārapāla, whose authoritative treatments of disparate subjects such as Jain legendary history, lay practice, poetics and Sanskrit grammar achieved a near normative status within the Śvetāmbara community and famously led to him being styled Kalikālasarvajña ('The Omniscient One of the Bad World Age'). Pioneering western scholars of Jainism were well aware of HM's significance in respect to both his own connection with Jayasiṃha Siddharāja^[10] and the value of his commentary on Jinabhadra's Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya. ^[11] However, the occurrence of the simple designation 'Hemacandrasūri' in a work such as Jinaprabhasūri's Vividhatīrthakalpa does not facilitate immediate identification of this particular influential monk,^[12] while the fact that HM's teacher Abhayadevasūri shared his name with the celebrated canonical commentator who flourished somewhat earlier has added further possible confusion.^[13]

This understandable uncertainty may be attributed to the fact that no developed hagiographical biographies (carita) of HM seems to exist in Śvetāmbara literature whereby this teacher's career could be projected into broader awareness and as a result the very dates of his life are conjectural; it seems to have largely coincided with that of Jayasiṃha Siddharāja (reigned 1094-1143), with HM's death most likely occurring between 1119 /1120 and 1134 / 1135. ^[14] No doubt as a result of this deficiency, modern scholars, whether monastic or lay, writing in Hindi and Gujarati tend to give only very sketchy accounts of HM's biography and offer little information beyond the fact that prior to his dīkṣā HM had been a royal minister called Pradyumna who had four wives.^[15] While this can most likely be accepted as a trustworthy tradition since it derives from the praśasti to the commentary on the Prākṛtadvyāśraya by Rājaśekharasūri, a monk lineally descended from HM,^[16] it should be noted that this earliest source for HM's pre-dīkṣā identity dates from 1331, around two centuries after his death. ^[17]

HM himself produced a ten verse praśasti outlining the basic details of his teacher lineage which is reiterated at the conclusion of most of his works, namely his commentaries on the Anuyogadvārasūtra, the Bandhaśataka of Śivaśarmasūri and the Jīvasamāsaprakaraṇa, as well as in his auto-commentaries on the Upadeśamālā and Bhavabhāvanā. In the first three verses of this praśasti HM refers to an eminent teacher called Jayasiṃhasūri who belonged to the Harṣapurīya Gaccha which had emerged (prasūta) from the Praśnavāhana Kula. He then continues in the next six verses to describe in poetic terms Jayasiṃha's successor and his own teacher Abhayadevasūri, alluding in passing to some sort of connection (samparka) which he had with another monk, Municandrasūri, who is, however, not included in the lineage. ^[18]

The foregoing details, slightly exiguous though they may be, have the merit of deriving from HM himself. The location of the town of Harṣapura from which the Harṣapurīya Gaccha took its name is not entirely certain, but it can be plausibly situated in the vicinity of modern Nāgaur in Rajasthan.^[19] Significantly, no attempt is made by HM to locate Jayasiṃhasūri in a lineage of named teachers and his connections with his successor Abhayadevasūri are not defined with any precision. As for HM's invocation of the Praśnavāhana Kula, an ancient renunciant order mentioned in the Kalpasūtra as a subdivision of the Kauṭika Gaṇa,^[20] this may represent an attempt to bypass an element of irregularity or uncertainty in Jayasiṃha's pupillary affiliation of a type not unknown at this particular period of Śvetāmbara Jain history by appropriating an essentially fictive lineage connection.^[21] At any rate, the origins of the Harṣapurīya Gaccha were both murky and apparently outside the immediate confines of the Caulukya realm where the order's main teachers were later to flourish. ^[22]

HM's brief account of his predecessors can be significantly amplified by reference to his pupil Śrīcandrasūri's praśasti to his Muṇisuvvayajiṇiṃdacariya (vv. 10870-10995), a Prakrit mahākāvya describing the life of the twentieth Jina Munisuvrata. ^[23] This represents the main primary source for the early history of the Harṣapurīya Gaccha and the activities of HM and his teacher Abhayadevasūri. Śrīcandrasūri describes Jayasiṃhasūri as having been active as a paragon of moral behaviour in the region (maṃḍala) of Sayaṃbharī,^[24] which is to say Śākambharī (modern Sāmbar) in the area of Ajmer, a location which would support the identification of Harṣapura mentioned above. However, it is his successor Abhayadevasūri who is portrayed as having provided the main preceptorial impetus to the lineage which Jayasiṃhasūri had in some way initiated. ^[25] The high status of this monk, whose social background is undefined, is conveyed by Śrīcandrasūri as being based on an intense austerity whereby his freedom from any sort of desire was demonstrable by the fact that the filth caked on his body and robes seemed to be the dirt of his karma emerging from within. ^[26] Abhayadevasūri's promotion of temple expansion and renovation extended from Gopālagiri (modern Gwalior) to Bhṛgukaccha (vv. 10903-10904) and beyond to Śrīpura (modern Sirpur in Maharashtra),^[27] and his connection with local rulers, including Pṛthivīrāja of Śākambarī (v. 10905) ensured that his funeral in Pātāṇ, of which Śrīcandrasūri gives an invaluable firsthand account,^[28] was a major event, witnessed by king Jayasiṃha Siddharāja himself.

Śricandrasūri's states only cursorily that HM succeeded to the rank of ācārya;^[29] he does not specifically describe him as being the pupil of Abhayadevasūri nor does he present his promotion as having been in any way formally validated by monks or lay patrons. No reference is made to his pre-renunciant social background. Instead, after very general mention of HM's intensive course of study and his spreading of Jainism among local rulers and other prominent people (v. 10935-36), Śricandrasuri gives an important description, of relevance for some of the stories found in his Upadeśamālā auto-commentary, of his expounding of Siddharṣi's allegorical novel of 906CE, the Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā: ^[30]

"HM's quality of voice was resonant as a fresh stormcloud's thunder. Whenever he preached a sermon, people could hear his clear diction although they might be standing outside the temple. He possessed the gift of explication and when he was expounding a text even dullwitted people could gain an understanding of it. Siddharṣi the commentator^[31] had once composed an inspirational narrative called the Upamitabhavaprapañcā. As a rule nobody had expounded it in public for a long time because it was a difficult work, but whenever HM interpreted its meaning even naïve people managed to grasp it. Since he had fully absorbed the sense of that work, he was invited to preach upon it, which he did continually for three years. From that day on the work circulated almost everywhere."

Śrīcandrasūri goes on to enumerate HM's works (see next section) and then describes (vv. 10947-55) his close relationship with Jayasiṃha Siddharāja who attended his sermons and engaged him in discussion. The most dramatic incident in HM's life, recounted in some detail by Śricandrasūri (vv. 10964-10976, was his intercession with Khangāra, described as the ruler (pahu) of Saurāṣṭra but most likely a local Bhilla chieftain,^[32] who had held to ransom a large and wealthy Jain pilgrimage party en route to the holy mountains of Girnār and Śatruñjaya. ^[33] HM's death occurred after a seven day fast and his funeral, which unlike that of Abhayadevasūri is not described in detail, was attended by Jayasiṃha Siddharāja. ^[34] No dating for any of these events is provided.

Śrīcandrasūri's praśasti to the Muṇisuvvayasāmicariya presents a picture of a highly public teacher who, unlike most other prominent monks of the period, is not hagiographically connected with miracle working or sectarian debate. It is noteworthy that Śricandrasūri refers to neither HM nor his teacher Abhayadevasūri by the encomiastic epithet 'maladhārin', 'filthy'. Later sources differ as to which Caulukya monarch bestowed this title (biruda) on Abhayadevasūri, with Rājaśekharasūri (in two of his works) and Padmadeva claiming it was Karṇa (1064-1094),^[35] while Jinaprabhasūri in a preamble to an account of HM's association with the founding of the KokāPārśvanātha temple in Pāṭaṇ has Karṇa's successor Jayasiṃha conferring the biruda. ^[36] Rājaśekharasūri produced a codification of the sūrimantra of his lineage which he styles the Maladhārīya Gaccha rather than the Harṣapurīya Gaccha,^[37] the designation favoured by HM himself and Śrīcandrasūri, and it may be that the assigning of the epithet 'maladhārin' to the earlier teachers and the order in general, not to mention the promulgation of traditions about the involvement of Karṇa and Jayasimha, did not take place until the second half of the thirteenth century.

Further interpretation of HM's career must be equally speculative. The sources described above do not make any reference to contemporary Jain monks belonging to other Śvetāmbara lineages, although the period in question, roughly the last decades of the eleventh century and the first half of the twelfth, was one in which a large number of disciplinary orders jostled for space in the Caulukya kingdom. However, Phyllis Granoff has drawn attention to a possible polemical reference to HM by his contemporary Jinadattasūri (1076- 1155), one of the early teachers of the order which came to be known as the Kharatara Gaccha. ^[38] In v. 18 of his Apabhraṃśa rās, the Upadeśarasāyana, "Elixir of Instruction", Jinadattasūri states: ^[39] "He carries out all sorts of fasts including those of the half month and four month periods. He bears his internal dirt externally. (However), he expounds teachings contrary to the scriptures and correct practice which relate to the performance of the ceremonies of repentance (pratikramaṇa) and homage to the teacher (vandanaka)."^[40] While the similarity to Śrīcandrasūri's description of the results of Abhayadevasūri's austerity is striking (see above), that particular teacher does not appear to have left any writings setting forth doctrinal positions which might faciliate the identification of him as the subject of this verse. Granoff suggests that HM may have possibly roused Jinadattasūri's antipathy through blocking his access to patronage and that it is he who is the individual referred to in the Upadeśarasāyana. ^[41]

Some refinement of interpretation can be made here. In commenting on Upadeśarasāyana v. 18 Jinapāla (13th century) expands on the filthy monk's delinquency in respect to ritual by invoking four of his supposedly deviant positions, the first of which was that laymen should not perform pratikramaṇa, the ritualised ceremony of repentance. ^[42] He then adduces (Upadeśarasāyana v. 19 comm.) a short quotation ascribed to the Anuyogadvārasūtra, namely samaṇeṇa sāvaeṇa ya, 'by monk and layman'. This is the opening of v. 3 of sūtra 29 of the Anuyogadvārasūtra which stipulates that the āvaśyaka ritual, of which pratikramaṇa is an integral part, should be performed twice daily by both monk and layman.^[43] Jinapāla's citation of this is without further explanation but may well be pointed since HM produced a commentary on the Anuyogadvārasūtra. However, it is unclear just how much should be read into the fact that HM does not directly reproduce the word 'sāvaena' in his commentary on this passage, providing instead the Sanskrit wording śramaṇādibhiḥ, "by monks etc." and śramaṇādinā, "by the monk etc."^[44] The restriction of the performance of pratikramaṇa to renunciants alone would have been radical even at a time when some Śvetāmbara disciplinary orders were insisting on a return to supposedly purer forms of practice and there is nothing easily identifiable elsewhere in HM's writings to connect him with such a stance.^[45]

It is possible that there was a different dimension to HM's practice which might have caused Jinadattasūri to excoriate him. The long period of time which according to Śricandrasūri (see above) HM spent expounding the Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā, apparently in a temple rather than more acceptably in a community hall (upāśraya) at irregular intervals, could have provoked the criticism that he was straying a little too close to the behaviour of the domesticated temple-dwelling (caityavāsin) monks of whom Jinadattasūri and other teachers of his order were implacable opponents. However, HM's statement at Upadeśamālā v. 21 ^[46] that even an inadequate monk can purify his karma and so facilitate the gaining of awakening which might be taken as condoning lax renunciant behaviour is in fact a quotation from the Ācārāṅgacūrṇi.^[47]

2. HM's Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti and its Chronological Location within his Works

At the conclusion of the Upadeśamālā (henceforth UM) HM styles the work as a prakaraṇa (v. 500). This 'particular type of small treatise' (laghuśāstraviśeṣa)^[48] was an increasingly significant Śvetāmbara literary genre in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, being typically structured around a description of Jainism 's central doctrinal tenets and their sub-categories supported by technical discussions deriving from āgama and often employing embedded illustrative narratives. ^[49] The UM,^[50] which consists of around 505 verses in Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit,^[51] belongs to a notable subgenre of Śvetāmbara didactic works which incorporate the word upadeśa / uvaesa, "instruction", in their titles. The prototype for these seems to have been Dharmadāsa's Upadeśamālā which dates from around the fifth or sixth centuries CE. That this particular work was the specific inspiration behind HM's own Upadeśamālā is feasible but unprovable.^[52] However, the fact that Siddharṣi, the author of the Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā, produced a commentary on Dharmadāsa's work is probably relevant, given HM's public relationship with this celebrated allegorical novel as described by Śrīcandrasūri (see above). Indeed, HM invokes the Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā in v. 8 of his maṅgala to the UM as providing a key to or interpretive template for the various allegories which he includes among his own illustrative narratives. ^[53] Whether and to what extent HM's UM had become confused with that of Dharmadāsa is unclear, but it seems that by around the thirteenth century it had come to be designated the Puṣpamālā, "Blossom Garland", by way of differentiation from the earlier homonymous work.^[54] Indeed, on this basis Sāgarmal Jain has recently proposed renaming the work the 'Upadeśapuṣpamālā'. Although this designation is no doubt slightly cumbersome, it does reflect the fact that while Puṣpamālā may be a secondary title it is one which has gained a degree of currency. ^[55] It was certainly the title by which the prakaraṇa was known to Sādhusomagaṇin of the Kharatara Gaccha whose Laghuvṛtti, an epitomising version of HM's auto-commentary written in 1456, makes clear the respect in which the work was viewed at a later period. ^[56]

The UM refers throughout to narratives which are only identifiable by reference to its auto-commentary, from which it may be concluded that this was produced by HM very soon after the root verses, if not in immediate conjunction with them. However, no date of composition for the root verses and the auto-commentary is available in a praśasti and an inspection of the relevant sources raises some difficulties in respect to locating these works precisely. In the praśasti to the Muṇisuvvayajiṇiṃdacariya (vv. 10943-10946) Śrīcandrasūri gives a brief identification of HM's works. According to this, HM first composed (kāūṇa) the root verses (sutta) of the two prakaraṇas, the UM and Bhavabhāvanā, and then produced (kayā) commentaries (vittī) upon them. The next texts to be mentioned by Śrīcandrasūri are commentaries (vittī) on the Anuyogadvārasūtra, the Jīvasāmāsaprakaraṇa and the Bandhaśatakaprakaraṇa. HM is then described as having composed (raiyaṃ) a ṭippaṇaka explication intended to elucidate difficult points (visamaṭṭhāṇāvabohayaraṃ) on the commentary on the Mūlāvassaya (that is to say, Haribhadra's commentary on the Āvaśyaka Niryukti).^[57] The last text to be mentioned is an extensive (savittharā) and clear (phuḍatthā) commentary composed (raiyā) on Jinabhadra's Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya.

Śrīcandrasūri does not state whether this account, given without dates, reflects the exact chronological order of composition of HM's works, but there is no doubt that it is incomplete since it omits any mention of the (now lost) Nandiṭippaṇaka. ^[58] This work is referred to in HM's praśasti to his commentary on the Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya which he describes himself as having written during the reign of Jayasiṃha Siddharāja in saṃvat 1175, that is 1118 / 1119 CE,^[59] and this does indeed seem to have been his last work as its location in Śrīcandrasūri's enumeration would suggest. The praśasti is couched in first person terms^[60] whereby in what is clearly a reference to Abhayadevasūri HM recounts how he heard the teaching of a great man (paramapuruṣasyopadeśaṃ) and then quickly (jhaṭiti) composed his Āvaśyakaṭippaṇaka which he attached to the treasure chest of correct reflection (sadbhāvanāmañjūṣā) as a fresh protective cover (nūtanaphalaka). ^[61] HM then enumerates the rest of the works written by him in the following order: the Bandhaśatakaprakaraṇa commentary, the Anuyogadvārasūtra commentary, the UM verses (sūtra), the commentary (vṛtti) on these, the Jīvasamāsaprakaraṇa commentary (vivaraṇa), the Bhavabhāvanā verses (sūtra), the commentary (vivaraṇa) on these and then the Nandiṭippaṇaka, which HM describes as being a novel and solid part (aṅga) of the treasure chest. HM goes on to assert that by adding all these improvements the aforementioned chest assumed a diamond-hard appearance and so became beyond the reach of malicious people. But then, he claims, these people began to destroy the chest's folding lid (taddvārakapāṭasampuṭam) by hammering on it with falsehood (chala). ^[62] So HM in agitation carefully considered a means of counteracting this and began to compose his commentary on the Viśeṣāvaśyabhāṣya which became the equivalent of a new adamantine lid for safeguarding the treasure chest. HM recounts graphically how some monks and nuns who were close to him urged him on in his task so that he eventually managed to complete the work and seriously disconcert King Delusion and his evil confederates. ^[63]

Leaving aside HM's lively description of the context of his writings, which is suggestive of a period of intense dispute, and the use of allegory to characterise his achievement, the cumulative structure of his account (tato 'param...aparaṃ tu...anyac ca...anyat tu...aparaṃ tu...anyac ca...tataḥ) seems to describe the chronological sequence of his works culminating in the Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya commentary of 1118 / 1119 CE. However, no specific dates are provided and when information from other sources is adduced, the chronological context becomes rather more uncertain. So the colophon to HM's Jīvasamāsaprakaranavṛtti states that this particular work was composed in Pāṭaṇ during the reign of Jayasiṃha Siddharāja in saṃvat 1165, that is 1108 / 1109 CE,^[64] while the early manuscript catalogue, the Bṛhaṭṭippanikā, gives a date of saṃvat 1175, that is 1118 / 1119 CE, for the auto-commentary on the UM. ^[65] However, the Bhavabhāvanā and its auto-commentary are listed in the Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣyavṛtti praśasti after the UM and its auto-commentary, while the praśasti to the Bhavabhāvanā commentary states (v.11) that this work was composed in saṃvat 1170, that is 1113 / 1114 CE. Furthermore, the Bhavabhāvanā is aware of the UM since it refers to this work at the very beginning of its Prakrit maṅgala verses, although it is unclear whether this reference encompasses the auto-commentary.^[66]

There is a further piece of relevant internal evidence. HM states that one of the stories in his UM auto-commentary is an abbreviation of a more extended version found in the Upadeśapada.^[67] Haribhadra, author of the root verses of the Upadeśapada, gives a version of the story in question (vv. 697-728) which is not inordinately lengthy, and it seems very possible that HM is referring to Municandrasūri's commentarial expansion (pp. 325a-337b) which is certainly longer than the UM auto-commentary narrative. Municandrasūri's commentary on the Upadeśapada was written in saṃvat 1174, that is 1117 /1118 CE, which would provide support for the Bṛhaṭṭippanikā's dating of the UM auto-commentary. ^[68]

It is clear that there is not a precise chronological 'fit' between the sequence of writings given in HM's praśasti to the Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣyavṛtti and the data which can be gleaned elsewhere. However, since the evidence shows that all of the works in question were produced over a relatively short span of time, the most judicious assumption is that the Upadeśamālā and its auto-commentary were composed by HM in relatively close proximity sometime in the second decade of the twelfth century.

3. The Narratives in the Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti

There are seventy-six main narratives occurring within the Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti (henceforth SV). ^[69] These can be divided into two main categories: 'traditional' stories for which a pre-existing or near-contemporary version can be identified and stories which may be of HM's own devising. This latter category can be subdivided to include stories deploying a significant allegorical component which reflect HM's familiarity with the narrative techniques found in Siddharṣi's Upamitibhava-prapañcakathā. ^[70] It might seem to be possible to identify stories of HM's devising when they are introduced by the phrase "who was that x?" (ko 'yam.....) after the main character has been specifically named. However, HM is not consistent in this, sometimes employing the phrase with reference to characters in narratives identifiable elsewhere and sometimes omitting it even when no analogue appears to be available.

Since a comprehensive inventory of versions of Jain narratives is an urgent scholarly desideratum, I have attempted to identify each story in SV (with the main protagonists given their Sanskrit names) by referencing parallel versions of the stories recounted by HM (providing brief plot summaries for those which I would judge to be less well known) or by citing relevant studies and translations. I also refer on several occasions to parallels (notably 5, 20, 24 and 53-56) occurring in Municandrasūri's commentary on Haribhadra's Upadeśapada, since this is near contemporary with the SV. At the beginning of each identification I give the relevant UM verse and its context followed by the pagination of the narrative in the SV.

3a. Traditional Narratives

1. UM v. 3 (the difficulty of gaining rebirth); SV pp. 5-10: Ten examples starting with 'Food' (collaga). See Balbir (1993: 147f.) for the occurrence of this cluster of narratives in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.^[71]

2. UM v. 10 (providing safety); auto-commentary pp. 13-55: Śāntinātha. The extended versions of the life of the sixteenth tīrthaṅkara have been surveyed by Oberlies (2009) to whom SV was inaccessible.^[72] The earliest example of the climax of the narrative (Ś. in his previous existence as Megharatha gives his own flesh to save a dove from a predatory hawk) occurs in Saṅghadāsa's Vasudevahiṇḍi.^[73] Leaving aside the omission of some episodes found in other versions,^[74] there are three noteworthy novelties in SV's recounting of the Śāntinātha story: (1) In the episode in which the ministers of king Śrīvijaya (the brother of Ś.'s previous existence Amitatejas) discuss how their master's imminent destruction can be averted, Vimalabuddhi gives an allegorical account of how the "internal" (antaraṃga) king Development of Karma (Kammapariṇāma) leads living beings to participate in the dramatic play of rebirth by making them assume various forms and states (SV pp. 21-22); (2) A scriptural quotation from Bhagavatīsūtra 3.2 (designated simply 'Prajñaptyām') relating to the range of activity in various parts of the cosmos of princes of the demon (asura) class (SV pp. 39-40); (3) Vajrāyudha (in this version Ś.'s previous existence) experiences a nocturnal vision of saṃsāra as a terrifying funeral-ground (SV p. 48).

3. UM v. 13 (causing suffering to others eventually causes pain to oneself); SV pp. 56- 61: Mṛgāputra. This story of a violent king who is reborn as an amorphous freak occurs in the canonical Vipākasūtra. See Mehta & Chandra (1972: 601).

4. UM v. 22 (on gaining knowledge); SV pp. 68-69: Prince Abhaya and a vidyādhara. A solution is provided to a difficulty with a flight-empowering spell which is deficient by one syllable. SV identifies this story, consisting of 8 verses, as occurring in the Anuyogadvāracūrṇi. However, the published version of this text does not in fact contain the story. Haribhadra in his commentary on Anuyogadvārasūtra sū. 13 (p. 40) gives a prose version in Prakrit, while in commenting on the same passage he provides another version in Sanskrit. For this story in the Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya tradition, see Balbir (1993: 233-36).^[75]

5. UM v. 64 (the nature of morality); SV pp. 187-94: Ratisundarī and her three friends. Four women maintain their chastity by demonstrating the disgusting nature of corporeality. SV states that this is an abbreviation of a more extended version found in the Upadeśapada. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 697-728 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 325a- 337b).

6. UM v. 67 (the nature of morality); SV pp. 194-200: Sītā (to be taken in conjunction with the following story of Devasmitā). SV states that this story is well known both in Jainism and popularly and has accordingly been retold in abbreviated form simply to fill a narrative 'slot' in the SV (sthānāśūnyārtham). ^[76] For the Jain Sītā, see Kulkarni (1990).

7. UM v.67 (the nature of morality); SV. pp. 200-206: ^[77] Devasmitā. ^[78]Before leaving Tāmraliptī D.'s husband Jinasena vows to be faithful to his wife. The Jain goddess Senā gives them each a lotus, telling them it will wither if the other is unfaithful. ^[79] J. then travels to Persia (Pārasaula)^[80] where he conducts business while holding his lotus which remains unwithered. Four local merchants do not believe his account of D.'s chastity and they travel to Tāmraliptī where they pay a mendicant woman (parivāyiā)^[81] to corrupt D. This woman, having ingratiated herself with D., gives meat mixed with astringent substances (susaṃkayaṃ tikkhadavvehiṃ) to the household dog which causes its eyes to ooze. She then feigns meditation and explains to D. that this bitch had been her sister in a previous life, a chaste and upright woman (mahāsaī) who did not yield to her many suitors, and now weeps from regret. D. is urged by her to fulfil her youth and meet four merchants who have come from Persia. However, D. and her servant trick the men, branding each one of them on the forehead with the mark of a dog's paw. ^[82] Without telling each other what has befallen them and hiding their forehead-brands they return to Persia after mutilating the mendicant woman. D. then becomes concerned that they will harm her husband and with the protection of the goddess Seṇā she travels to Persia where she turns the tables on the four merchants in the presence of the king by exposing them as servants who have fled Tāmraliptī after stealing money. She is reunited with her husband, going on to renounce and attain liberation. This narrative, whose Jain dimension is relatively insignificant (other than the intervention of the goddess and the conclusion), is a truncated version of a story found in Somadeva's (last third of the 11 th century) Kathāsaritsāgara 2.5.54-193.^[83]

8. UM v. 68^[84] (the objects of the senses lead to destruction); SV pp. 206-221: ^[85] Maṇiratha. According to the Abhidhānarājendra, vol. 6 p. 94 s.v. Maṇiraha, this story of a king who killed his brother to gain his wife and was reborn in hell occurs within the commentarial tradition of the Uttarādhyayanasūtra; see also Mehta & Chandra (1972: 544). The SV version contains a biography of King Nami (pp. 217-221) included as a secondary narrative (prasaṅgataḥ). ^[86]

9. UM v.78 (good looks as the result of asceticism); SV pp. 228-233: Nandiṣeṇa. SV states (p. 233 v.87) that this narrative of an earlier existence of Vasudeva who abandoned his wives in disgust is to be found in the Harivaṃśa section of the Vasudevahiṇḍi. See Saṅghadāsa, Vasudevahiṇḍi, pp. 114-18.

10. UM v.82 (even the evil can attain liberation through austerity); SV pp. 234-36: Dṛḍhaprahārin. This story of the thief who became a monk occurs in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition. See Mehta & Candra (1970: 355).

11. UM v.83 (the power of austerity); SV pp. 237-41: Viṣṇukumāra. See Jain 1980 for this Jain version of the story of Viṣṇu and Namuci occurring in a range of sources, the earliest of which seems to be the Vasudevahiṇḍi.

12. UM v.84 (the power of austerity); SV pp. 242-47: Skandaka. This canonical narrative of a brahman convert and subsequent illustrious Jain renunciant occurs at Bhagavatīsūtra 2.1. See Deleu (1970: 89f.).

13. UM v.145 (compassion for living creatures); auto-commentary pp. 319-22: Dharmaruci. The SV version emphasises that Nāgaśrī, who gave tainted alms to Dharmaruci which he then ate to avoid killing life-forms, was later reborn as Draupadī. Cf. Balbir (1993: 187) for the occurrence of this story in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition and cf. Mette (2010: 176f. and 373-75).

14. UM v.149 (speaking truth about religious matters); SV pp. 323-25: Kālakasūri. This narrative, whose theme is the evil of animal sacrifice, is thematically linked with 3a 15. SV p. 324 quotes five Sanskrit verses ascribed to Vyāsa in which the components of the Vedic sacrifice are reinterpreted within a purely moral framework. See Balbir (1993: 153) for the occurrence of this story in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition and cf. Brown (1933: 105) and 107.

15. UM v.150 (speaking truth about religious matters); SV pp. 325-30: Nārada and Vasu. The narrative prototype for this story occurs in the Mahābhārata 12.323, for which see Kulkarni (2001: 152-55) and Smith (2009: 661), while the earliest of several Jain versions is found in Saṅghadāsa's Vasudevahiṇdi, pp. 189-91. The SV version switches (p. 327 l.12) from Prakrit to Sanskrit (including quotations from Bṛhadāraṇyaka-Upaniṣad 5.1.3 and five verses from Vyāsa)^[87] with the exception of three Prakrit verses concerning the power of truth (p. 329).

16. UM v. 152 (avoidance of taking what has not been given); SV pp. 330-37: Nāgadatta. Nāgadatta is a pious merchant's son loved by Nāgavasū. He ignores the king's lost earring when he sees it in the dust. His rival Vasudatta puts the earring on Nāgadatta while he is meditating and then informs the king in the hope that he can thus win Nāgavasū. Nāgadatta refuses to tell the king what happened because he does not want Vasudatta to be harmed. He is sentenced to death but because of the intervention of a goddess the stake on which he is to be impaled turns into a throne. This would appear to be a reasonably close variant of a Nāgadatta story found in the Digambara Hariṣeṇa's Bṛhatkathākoṣa, for which see Williams 1959: 34.

17. UM v.157^[88] (sexual restraint); SV pp. 338-344: Sudarśana. In an earlier birth as a cowherd the hero shows devotion to a monk absorbed in the disciplinary activity of kāyotsarga, while in his birth as Sudarśana he keeps quiet about Queen Abhayā's infidelity at the cost of being sentenced to death. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 526-28 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 258a-64a); for earlier versions in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition, see Mehta & Chandra (1972: 816) s.v. 9. Sudaṃsaṇa.

18. UM v. 158^[89] (sexual restraint); SV pp. 345-51: Sthūlabhadra. This narrative of the monk who maintained celibacy even when lodging near his former lover occurs in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition. See Dundas (2008: 182-84) and Leumann (1934/2010: 74).

19. UM v. 162 (possessions as the root of quarrelling); SV pp. 352-59: the king of Campā. The protagonist is identified at p. 352 v. 2 as Kīrticandra. A story of two brothers who pursue each other violently and are reborn in the various hells. The Abhidhānarājendra, vol. 3 p. 530 s.v. Kitticaṃda, identifies the story of Kīrticandra as occurring in Śāntisūri's Dharmaratnaprakaraṇa, adding that in another source he is known as Akrūra. ^[90] The SV version switches from Prakrit to Sanskrit (pp. 355-58) when a kevalin tells one of the protagonists about his past existence.

20. UM v. 175 (maintaining care about movement); SV pp. 372-74: Varadattamuni. A malevolent god conjures up frogs on V.'s path to test him, but he does not step on them even when attacked by a marauding elephant. Cf. Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 608-12 with Municandrasūri's commentary (p. 288).

21. UM v. 178 (maintaining care about speech); SV pp. 375-77: the monk Saṃgata. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 613-17 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 288b-289a) and for other versions in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition, see Balbir (1993: 177) (unnamed protagonist). The SV follows the Āvāsyakacūrṇi version in quoting Daśavaikālikasūtra 8.20 to confirm the validity of S.'s renunciant integrity in refusing to disclose information to a general despite seeing and hearing about the situation in a besieged city.

22. UM v. 185 (maintaining care about alms-seeking); SV pp. 379-81: Dhanaśarman. See Mehta and Chandra (1972: 395) for this story of a monk who refused to break his fast by taking water occurring within the commentarial tradition of the Uttarādhyayanasūtra and cf. Kulkarni (1994: 253f.). who provides a version based on this.

23. UM v.185 (avoidance of inappropriate alms); SV pp. 381f.: Dharmaruci. The story of Dh. who did not break his fast when near death as he was travelling through a forest occurs in the Oghaniryukti and its commentaries. See Bollée (1994: 250) s.v. Dhamma-rui and Mehta and Chandra (1970: 402) s.v. 7. Dhammarui.

24. UM v.188 (care about picking up and depositing objects); SV pp. 382-4: the monk Somilārya. Somilārya is unwilling to clean his fellow monks' alms bowls diligently, whereupon a god inserts a snake within them in order to instruct him. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 640-44 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 296b-297b).

25. UM v.190 (care about voiding bowels); SV pp. 384f.: Dharmaruci. Even at the conclusion of his life Dh. did not dispose of his bodily wastes inappropriately. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 648-49 with Municandrasūri's commentary (p. 297).

26. UM v.194 (maintaining control of the mind); SV pp. 386-88: a layman engaged in disciplinary activity (paḍimā). The protagonist is identified at v.1 as Jinadāsa. See Balbir 1993: 176 for this story occurring in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.

27. UM v.197 (maintaining control of speech); SV pp. 389f.: the monk Guṇadatta whose relatives were seized by brigands. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 654-59 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 308b-309b) and also Balbir (1993: 176) for the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition. ^[91]

28. UM v. 199 (maintaining control of the body); SV p. 39: a monk. The anonymous protagonist passes the night standing on one foot to avoid injury to life forms. This is a variant of an Āvaśyaka story described by Balbir (1993: 176).

29. UM v. 219 (correct mental culture); SV pp. 401-405: Prasannacandra. This is an emboxed narrative in which Mahāvīra describes to King Śreṇika the career of Prasannacandra, a monk who found it difficult to break from his life as king. SV states at the beginning of the narrative that the story of Prasannacandra is well-known (atipratīta) in sources such as the Āvaśyaka literature and has been included in part simply to fill a narrative slot (sthānāśūnyārtham). See Balbir (1993: 149) and Kulkarni (1994: 105-10).

30. UM v. 234^[92] (exception to a general rule); SV pp. 412-17: Kālakasūri. K. remained of pure disposition despite doing something ostensibly forbidden, namely altering the date of Paryuṣaṇ. According to SV p. 417 the full details of this story are to be obtained from the Niśīthacūrṇi. See Dundas (2007).

31. UM v.254^[93] (the performance of an incomplete form of the sāmāyika observance); SV pp. 426-30: King Samprati. In a previous existence as a starving beggar S. had been initiated by Āryasuhastin and then after living as a monk for one day died of a surfeit of food. See Mehta and Chandra (1972: 741) for the occurrence of this story in the Chedasūtra commentaries.

32. UM v. 271 ^[94] (influence of senses: hearing); SV pp. 436-38: Subhadrā. S. died as a result of her infatuation with music. See Mehta and Candra (1972: 517): s.v. 4. Bhaddā for the occurrence of this story in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition. ^[95]

33. UM v. 271 ^[96] (influence of senses: smell); SV pp. 450-52: a prince. At p. 451 v. 13 the protagonist is identified as Gandhapriya. G., addicted to scents, is poisoned by one of his father's wives who desires the kingdom for her son. See Mehta and Chandra (1972: 221) s.v. Gaṃdhappiya for the occurrence of this story in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.

34. UM v. 272^[97] (influence of senses: touch); auto-commentary pp. 457-59: Sukumārikā. A king loses his kingdom and feeds his wife, the hyperrefined S., with his own flesh. See Mehta and Chandra (1972: 807) for the occurrence of this story in the Āvasyaka commentarial tradition and cf. Williams (1959: 30-33) for a further range of parallels.

35. UM v. 295 (forbearance in the face of ill-treatment); SV pp. 466-70: Acaṃkāriya. The girl who was excessively proud of her beauty. See Mehta and Candra (1970: 22) s.v. Accamkāriya-Bhaṭṭā for the occurrence of this story in the Niśīthacūrṇi and Niśīthabhāṣya and cf. Williams (1959: 19f.) who refers to a parallel narrative (Acaṃkāritābhaṭṭikā) in the Digambara Hariṣeṇa's Bṛhatkathākoṣa.

36. UM v. 295 (forbearance in the face of ill-treatment); SV pp. 471-74: a junior monk (kṣullaka). This monk's previous existence as a snake led to him craving for food when a monk; he did not become angry when another monk spat in his alms bowl. The SV version concludes with iti Nāgadattamunikathānakaṃ samāptam, while the margin of Ānandasāgara's edition has Kūragaḍūkodāharaṇam. In his Laghuvṛtti Sādhusomagaṇin gives the protagonist's name as Kūragaḍūyaga. See Kulkarni (1994: 321-23) and Leumann (1998: 230f.) for the occurrence of this story in the Daśavaikālikasūtra commentarial tradition where the protagonist is called Nāgadatta.

37. UM v.312 (greed increases as wealth increases); SV pp. 489-93: Kapila. This story of a brahman who became a monk after reflecting on his obsessive desire to gain money from a king occurs in the Uttarādhyayanasūtra commentarial tradition. See Mehta and Chandra (1970: 165) s.v. 4. Kavila

38. UM v. 312 (greed increases as wealth increases); SV pp. 493-98: a junior monk (kṣullaka). The protagonist is named at p. 493 l.14 as Āṣāḍhabhūti. This story of the monk whose greed for sweets led him to abandon the life of a monk and become an actor occurs at Piṇḍaniryukti vv. 474-80. See Bollée (1994: 133) s.v. Asāḍa-bhūi and Mehta and Chandra (1970: 95) (correcting reference to the source).

39. UM v. 351 ^[98] (duties incumbent in living among a teacher's pupils); SV pp. 526-31: Panthaka. A canonical story from the Jñātṛdharmakathāḥ. King Selaka renounces but still behaves like a ruler; Panthaka brings him back to his senses. See Schubring (1978: 20-22).

40. UM v.353 (abandoning one's teacher and fellow pupils leads to breaking all the ascetic vows); SV pp. 532-35: Kūlavālaka. At the beginning of this story SV describes how a pupil was inimical (paḍikūla) to his teacher "like a poisoned thorn" (visakaṃṭao) and dropped a rock (silā) upon him. The latter portion of the story deals with "the Battle of the Rocks and the Thorns" (mahāsilākaṃṭayaṃ) between Kūṇika and Ceṭaka which took place before the city of Vaiśālī. See Balbir (1993: 169) and Koch (1990: 332-35, 2009: 286) for this narrative occurring in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.^[99]

41. UM v.372 (evil comes about when even a small fault is unconfessed); SV pp. 542- 51: the son of a king. The protagonist is identified at p. 543 v. 19 as Prince Ārdraka. In a previous existence as a monk Ā. had not confessed his continuing passion for his wife. For this story occurring in the Sūtrakṛtāṅgasūtra commentarial tradition, see Bollée (2004: 50 and 53f.).

42. UM v.372 (evil comes about when even a small fault is unconfessed); SV pp. 552- 56: the son of a merchant. The protagonist is identified at p. 552 v. 11as Ilāputra, a former acrobat who as a monk repents of his former desire for women. See Balbir (1990: 32f.) for this narrative's occurrence in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.

43. UM v. 390 (the insubstantial nature of a mother's love); SV pp. 562-64: Culanī. The SV version is in Sanskrit. This narrative of two untouchable brothers, one of whom is reborn as a cakravartin and the other of whom tries to restrain him, is also known as the story of Citra and Saṃbhūta and belongs to the cycle of narratives relating to King Brahmadatta. See Leumann (1998: 125-206) and Oberlies (1997).

44. UM v. 390 (the insubstantial nature of a father's love); SV pp. 564-68: Kanakaratha. This story of the king who mutilated his sons in fear that they would depose him occurs in the canonical Jñātṛdharmakathāsūtra. See Schubring (1978: 45) and cf. Tawney (1975: 184-91).

45. UM v. 391 (the insubstantial nature of a relative's love); SV pp. 568-72: the cakravartin Bharata. The story of Bh.'s conflict with his half-brother Bāhubali. See Balbir (1993: 132f.) for the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition and Dundas (1991: 180) for the occurrence of this story in the Vasudevahiṇḍi.

46. UM v.391 (the insubstantial nature of a wife's love for a husband); SV pp. 572-78: the wife of a king. The protagonist is identified at p. 572 v. 4 as King Pradeśin's wife Sūryakāntā. See Bollée (2002: 167-74) for the canonical version in the Rājapraśnīyasūtra. SV pp. 573 l. 9-575 gives a Sanskrit prose account of the monk Keśin's conversion of Pradeśin to Jainism.

47. UM v. 391 (the insubstantial nature of a son's love for a father); SV pp. 578-84: Aśokacandra. The protagonist is also known as Kūṇika. See Balbir (1993: 182) for the occurrence in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition of this story of the king who imprisoned his father.

48. UM v. 393 (the insubstantial nature of sense objects); SV pp. 584-90: two brothers. The protagonists are identified at p. 585 vv. 2-3 as Jinapālita and Jinarakṣita, the sons of Mākandī. This story of Jinarakṣita who gave way to temptation and was destroyed by a malevolent deity and his brother who remained disciplined occurs in the canonical Jñātṛdharmakathāsūtra. See Kulkarni (1994: 295-302) and Schubring (1978: 35-37).

49. UM v. 422 (monks should care for each other); SV pp. 610-18: the prince who was the son of king Dhanada. The protagonist is identified at p. 611 v. 4 as Bhuvanatilaka. Bhuvanatilaka becomes ill as a result of having attempted to poison monks in a previous existence. SV pp. 611 v.8-614 v.8 switches to Sanskrit for a lengthy description of a riddling contest held in Dhanada's court. The Abhidhānarājendra, vol. 5 pp. 1592-94 s.v. Bhuvaṇatilaya, gives a version of this story in 57 Prakrit verses, ascribing it to the Dharmaratnaprakaraṇa.

50. UM v. 425 (renunciants should not concern themselves with laypeople); SV pp. 619- 24: Subhadrā. A nun who continued to love children. See Wiles (2000: 237-67) for the canonical version of this story in the Nirayāvalikāśrutaskandha. ^[100]

51. UM v. 438 (the benefits of the namaskāra mantra); SV pp. 628-36: Tridaṇḍin, Śrīmatī, Mātuliṅga, Caṇḍapiṅgala and Huṇḍika. See Balbir (1993: 169f.) for this cluster of narratives occurring in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition.

52. UM v. 479 (the evils of continuing contact with women); SV. p. 637-40: a monk who remained near his home because of attachment to a woman. The protagonist is identified at p. 637 v. 2 as Arahannaka. See Balbir (1993: 155) for this story occurring in the Āvaśyaka commentarial tradition and cf. Kulkarni (1994: 255f.).

53. UM v. 453 (faults such as embezzling money belonging to a temple); SV pp. 642- 45: Saṃkāśa. The layman Samkāśa assumed control over the property of his temple and because he was upright and prosperous his fellow laymen did not concern themselves. Once he put some temple money into his wallet with his other money, thinking that he would replace it, but he forgot. Matters accelerated and as his affairs got worse the temple money was eaten up; he resolved to pay it back but never did. Becoming psychologically disturbed, Saṃkāśa died unconfessed and unrepentant and experienced terrible rebirths. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 403-412 with Municandrasūri's commentary (p. 228b).

54. UM v. 464 (no discussion of another's faults without hatred); SV pp. 658-59: an ascetic. The committed ascetic Agnisiṃha develops hatred towards the lax ascetic Aruṇa who does not engage in proper practice. Aruṇa, however, praises Agnisiṃha's qualities and rebukes himself for falling from the proper path. As a result, Agnisimḥa increases his future existences whereas Aruṇa restricts those he will undergo. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 486-88 with Municandrasūri's commentary (pp. 248b-249a).

55. UM v. 464 (no discussion of another's faults without hatred); SV pp. 659-60: Queen Kuntalā. Kuntalā develops such hatred towards her fellow queens who spend their wealth on getting temples built that she becomes ill and dies. She is reborn as a bitch who stations herself at the door of her own temple. The women of the harem compassionately throw scraps to the bitch and through listening to them she remembers her previous birth and fasts to death, ultimately being reborn among the vaimānika gods. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada v. 485 with Municandrasūri's commentary (p. 250) and Jineśvarasūri, Kathākoṣaprakaraṇa pp. 129- 30.

56. UM v. 464 (no discussion of another's faults without hatred); SV pp. 660f.: a teacher (sūri). A learned but lax teacher develops hatred of a talented and popular pupil. Reborn as snake, he continually attacks his pupil who has become the ācārya. See Haribhadra, Upadeśapada vv. 489-91 with Municandrasūri's commentary (p. 249).

57. UM v. 468 (steadfastness in religion); SV pp. 662-64: a pair of parrots. Two parrots worship the Jina with flowers in a forest temple. The male is reborn as a prince, while the female is reborn as his wife. After a series of positive rebirths together as gods and vidyādharas, which the Jina explains as the result of their pious worship, the two take ascetic renunciation from him and gain liberation. See Jineśvarasūri, Kathākoṣaprakaraṇa pp. 2-11 and Tawney (1975: 42-53) for the theme of parrots gaining liberation through worshipping the Jina.

58. UM v. 478 (steadfastness in religion); SVpp. 668-78: Dhanamitra. Dh. is a merchant whose every enterprise has led to failure. After hunting for treasure and finding only coal, he is eventually robbed and reduced to destitution. The monk Guṇasāgara reveals to Dh. that in his previous birth he had been hostile to worship of the Jinas and could not endure the success which others gained through this practice. As a result he has been reborn as a poor man, albeit in a good family. Now firm in his commitment to Jainism, Dh. gathers forest flowers to worship the Jina and his fortunes revive. Subsequently he obtains money from a man who is abandoning gold under the delusion that it is coal and devotes it to Jainism, eventually renouncing and gaining liberation. The Abhidhānarājendra, vol. 4 pp. 2655-56 s.v. Dhaṇamitta, gives a Prakrit version of this story in 180 verses attributing it to the Dharmaratnaprakaraṇa.

Of the above narratives seven (nos. 3, 12, 39, 44, 46, 48 and 50 can be identified as 'canonical': that is, they occur in the aṅga and upāṅga texts of the Śvetāmbara āgama. The majority (1, 4, 8, 10, 13-14, 16, 18, 20-23, 26-238, 40-43, 45, 47 and 51-52) seem to have been in circulation from around the middle of the first millennium CE within the commentarial tradition, particularly on the Āvaśyakasūtra. The story of Śāntinātha (no. 2) seems to belong to an almost independent narrative cluster, while another (no.2) is unique in having a likely extra-Jain provenance.

3b. Narratives with Non-Identifiable Parallels

The following stories are provisionally unidentified; that is to say, no precise parallels are available to me at present, although several of the stories contain themes and motifs which can be found elsewhere. Most notably, nos. 4, 5 and 7 reproduce standard Jain arguments against brahman claims to social and ritual superiority.

1. UM v. 38 (knowledge providing help in difficulties); SV pp. 143-64: Sāgaracandra. S. buys a verse for 500 dīnāras which enables him to defeat a vidyādhara prince. ^[101] Later through the teaching of the kevalin Bhuvanacandra he is made aware of his previous existences and the reasons for the continual violence he has experienced at the hands of a demon. He reflects that knowledge of a single verse has been able to sustain him through various vicissitudes and gain him several marriages. After renunciation he goes on to master the Pūrva texts.

2. UM v. 52 (giving to appropriate recipients); SVpp. 169-78: the two brothers who were sons of king Śūrasena.^[102] The two protagonists were originally a cowherd and a labourer. Impressed by the prosperity of their employer, a merchant, they emulated him in pious generosity to the extent that they were reborn as princely brothers, Amarasena and Varasena. Eventually they are compelled to flee their father Śūrasena's kingdom because of the machinations of one of his wives, subsequently experiencing a variety of adventures involving spells (one of the brothers is magically transformed into an ass and then gets the better of a cheating procuress by turning her into that same beast). ^[103] They gain memory of their previous existences by seeing two Jain monks which eventually leads to liberation.

3. UM v. 59 (not giving to appropriate recipients); SV pp. 181-85: a merchant of Mathurā. The protagonist is identified in v. 2 as Dhanasāra. Dh. loses his riches as a result of his aversion to liberality in a previous existence. After the bulk of his wealth is consumed by theft and fire, he sets out to sea from Tāmraliptī with the residue but loses it in a shipwreck and is cast ashore to lament his fate. However, he encounters a kevalin who informs him that in a previous existence he had laid false witness against his brother whose wealth had increased through his piety and liberality. He is reborn as a demon while his brother is reborn as a god. This god is then as reborn as the kevalin who informs his former brother, now reborn as Dh., of his past. Dh. consequently attains correct religious disposition (samyaktva), vowing to dedicate three quarters of his future wealth to Jainism, and eventually manages to return to Tāmraliptī. One night, while performing lay austerity (pratimā) in an empty house, Dh. is attacked by a vyantara deity but remains undisturbed.^[104] In the morning the deity offers him a boon which he refuses to accept. The deity, impressed, tells him to go to Mathurā where he will become a master of vast wealth. As a result of his liberality, Dh. gains deliverance. SV ends the story with the following comment which may refer to HM's own authorship: "The story relates to the main theme (prakṛtopayogi) as far as the description of Dhanasāra becoming grief-stricken on the shore of the ocean, while the remainder of the narrative is secondary (prasaṅgataḥ)."

4. UM v. 103 (firmness in correct disposition); SV 255-67: Amaradatta's wife. While on a trading expedition to Suvarṇapura A., a non-Jain merchant of Dvārakā, falls in love with a Jain girl Vimalayaśā who asserts that she will only marry a man who defeats her in debate. A. cannot best her since she deploys the truths of Jainism.^[105] After pretending to become a Jain layman in order to win her,^[106] he then sincerely converts. A.'s parents plot against V. so that their son might doubt her chastity. She attempts to prevent calumny of the Jain religion by drowning herself, but she is rescued by goddesses who convey her home on a golden throne. After renouncing, she is told by a kevalin that all this has happened because in her previous birth she had ascribed a fault to a co-wife.

5. UM v. 165 (cessation from eating at night); SV pp. 361-66: Ravigupta. R., a brahman addicted to food of every kind and the performance of sacrifices, mocks Jain laymen for not eating at night. He himself dies as a result of this habit and is reborn as a brahman called Vāmadeva who persists in deriding Jains because of their dietary discipline. He is poisoned through accidentally eating a snake and is cured only with difficulty. A kevalin tells him about his previous existence and confirms that renunciation as a Jain monk is the only way to escape the results of his evil actions.^[107] The story then switches (p. 363 l. 6) from Prakrit to Sanskrit to encompass a debate in which Vāmadeva convinces his brahman father of the weakness of the traditional sources for the status and purity of brahmans. ^[108]

6. UM v.166 (the great vows must be strenuously maintained); SV pp. 366-68: the poor man who safeguarded the vows as if they were jewels. A poor man from Kauśāmbī who has heard the preceptor of a school (vijjāmaṭha) defining the nature of poverty asks for the means of gaining money. On being told that these are a field of sugar cane, the ocean, growing crops or the goodwill of a king, he proceeds to serve the preceptor as if he were the ocean and as a result the god of the sea in pleasure gives him five valuable jewels. He employs various stratagems to protect the jewels from thieves and by staying close to the highway manages to convey them safely to his home city. In the same way monks should take the great vows from their teacher, who is like the ocean, keep to the path of knowledge out of range of the thieflike passions and so reach the city of liberation.

7. UM v.303 (pride in birth); SV pp. 476-80: the brahman who became an untouchable through his pride.^[109] The brahman Brahmadeva is so arrogantly convinced of the superiority of the class to which he belongs that the king removes him from his hereditary position as purohita. Now impoverished, he resolves to go to a place where there are no impure people but ends up in an untouchable (ḍomba) village. Stabbed to death for cursing a ḍomba who has touched him, Brahmadeva is reborn as his son, a one-eyed lame hunchback who terrifies even his father. After a succession of low and painful existences, he is reborn as Madana, the handsome, strong and talented son of a courtesan, but he is still mocked for his poverty. On being told of his previous births by a kevalin, he asks him to bestow ascetic initiation. The kevalin considers that while the Jinas have forbidden this for people of low birth,^[110] M. will nonetheless become a suitable adherent of Jainism. He eventually attains liberation after rebirth in the Māhendra heaven.

8. UM v. 305 (pride in birth); SV pp. 480-87: the merchant's daughter who experiences suffering though her deception. Vasumatī is the daughter of Sudhanu, a merchant of Śrāvastī, and his wife Abhayaśrī.^[111] She is befriended by Bahulī, "Rumour",^[112] who is allegorically described as the daughter of Passion-Lion (rāgakesarin) and the grand-daughter of King Delusion (moha) who wanders unchecked to conquer the world. After the death of her mother S. marries Kamalā. V. contrives to get S. to reject K. by accusing her of uncleanliness and then after seeing her weeping for a period of twelve hours dissembles again to persuade her father to take her back. V. dies after engaging in austerity and is reborn as a courtesan among the vyantara deities. Eventually she is reborn as a merchant's daughter Kamalinī and is betrothed to Vasudatta. He is jestingly informed by his friends about her hideous ill-looks and so he refuses to look at her face, blindfolding himself at the marriage and then going on to spurn her for twelve years. The two are eventually brought together and Kamalinī is told by a monk that her treatment of Kamalā is responsible for Vasudatta's treatment of her.

9. UM vv. 338-39 (necessity of guidance); SV p. 522: exemplifying how both a teacher and a pupil can be brought down by the latter's faults. A boy regularly steals sesamum and gives it to his mother who does not rebuke him. The young thief is arrested and taken to the execution ground. He calls for his mother who is brought by the guards, whereupon she cuts off her breasts.

10. UM v. 345 (a teacher is asked by a king about the direction to which the Ganges flows; one must behave in every respect as his pupil did); SV p. 525. The protagonists are unnamed. The story is given in Sanskrit. A king and a Jain teacher debate to see whether princes or monks are the more disciplined. As a test a prince is dispatched to see in which direction the Ganges flows. The prince goes only half way because he knows for sure that the Ganges flows to the east and then returns. A monk is then dispatched by the teacher. He first considers that the teacher must know that Ganges flows east, so there has to be a reason for his mission. He goes to the Ganges and having considered it from various angles (svataḥ parataḥ viśeṣataś ca) returns to the teacher to confirm that the Ganges flows in an easterly direction and that his revered master knows the truth. The respective behaviour of the prince and the monk is revealed to the king by spies and he accepts that monks are more disciplined than princes. All pupils must behave with discipline when addressed by their teacher.

11. UM v. 417 (the results of discipline in this world and the next); SV pp. 598-607: Siṃharatha. The disobedient prince S. is expelled by his father. At Hāstinapura he sees two horses, one being treated with every sort of care and the other being beaten. He is told that the first horse is disciplined and since it moves in accord with the intention of his master it is honoured, while the second horse is undisciplined and so is beaten. In the light of this the prince disciplines himself and subsequently inherits the kingdom from his father. Eventually he and his father both renounce, winning the kingdom of austerity and so liberation. Thus S. gained two kingdoms through following discipline.

12. UM v. 468 (the results of pūjā with various substances); SV pp. 664f.: Vimala and seven others. A king sees eight gods worshipping the Jina with substances like perfume and asks how they have attained their exalted state. They reply that in their previous birth they had been eight sons of a merchant of whom the first was V. They each of them had taken responsibility for one element of the eightfold pūjā. They performed this pūjā with such intensity for a long period of time that they were reborn as gods.

Appendix: Śrīcandrasūri's Description of the Funeral of Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin

In his praśasti to the Muṇisuvvayajiṇiṃdacariya Śrīcandrasūri describes the funeral of his teacher HM in an apparently perfunctory manner. The single verse he devotes to the event is as follows: nīharaṇāimahimā dehassa taheva jāva sakkāro / kiṃ tu sayam eva rāyā samāgao kettiyaṃ vi pahaṃ (v.10980). In fact, the wording of this verse shows that the reader is being referred for comparison to Śrīcandrasūri's earlier description of the funeral of Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin which took place in 1121 / 1122.^[113] A rendering of the first half of the verse would be: "The splendour of the carrying out etc. of (HM's) corpse was identical (taheva) (to Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin's funeral) up to and including (jāva)^[114] the cremation (sakkāra)." The second half of the verse signals the main difference between the two events: "on this occasion (kiṃ tu) the king (Jayasiṃha Siddharāja) came himself a little way along the path of the funeral procession."

As I have pointed out elsewhere,^[115] there is a dearth of textual material concerning the management of funerals in Jainism. Brief accounts of cremations of the Jinas no doubt do occur in the Śvetāmbara scriptures and the Digambara purāṇas and it might be possible to conclude that these idealised descriptions can be taken to represent general practice. However, first-hand accounts of actual funerals in early and medieval India, whether Jain or Buddhist and Hindu, seem to be extremely rare, not to say effectively non-existent,^[116] and Śrīcandrasūri's unvarnished description of Abhayadevasūri's cremation, an event which he witnessed personally (paccakkhaṃ diṭṭhaṃ), is therefore of some significance for the student of death ritual in South Asia. I give the Prakrit text of Śrīcandrasūri's account, followed by a translation and some overall observations.

Śricandrasūri, Muṇisuvvayajiṇiṃdacariya vv. 10920-10932:

bahubhūmigabahukalasaṃ anegasiyadhayavaḍehiṃ ramaṇijjaṃ |
varasirikhaṃḍaviṇimmiyavimāṇam ārohiūṇa tao || 10920
nīhāriyaṃ sarīraṃ jassa bahi sayalamiliyasaṃgheṇa |
ekkekkaṃ giharakkhagamaṇuyaṃ mottūṇa sesajaṇo || 10921
nīseso nivaṇayarassa niggao jassa daṃsaṇanimittaṃ |
bhattīe kougeṇa ya maggesu aladdhasaṃcāro || 10922
savvapamayāulehiṃ savvāujjehiṃ baṃdiviṃdehiṃ |
savvehi viyaṃbhiyasaddavaharie aṃbarābhoe || 10923
pāyārapacchimaṭṭālae ṭhio pariyaṇena saha rāyā |
jayasiṃho pekkhaṃto jassiḍḍhiṃ nīharaṃtassa || 10924
taṃ acchariyaṃ daṭṭhuṃ nariṃdapurisā paropparaṃ beṃti |
maraṇam aṇiṭṭhaṃ pi hu iṭṭham amha evaṃ vibhūīe || 10925
raviudayāo ārabbha niggayaṃ taṃ vimāṇam avaraṇhe |
pattaṃ sakkārapae samaṇupayaṃ loyakayapūjaṃ || 10926
pūijjaṃte jammi u paṭṭaṃsuyapamuhapavaraṇavatthāṇaṃ |
miliyāiṃ koḍiyāṇaṃ tayā sayāiṃ aṇegāiṃ || 10927
sirikhaṃḍavimāṇeṇaṃ (teṇeva) samaṃ sarīrasakkāro |
jassa kao loeṇaṃ taha uvari puṇo vi khittāiṃ || 10928
kaṭṭhāiṃ agarasirikhaṃḍasaṃtiyāiṃ ghaṇo ya ghaṇasāro |
nivvāṇāe ciyāe jaṇena gahiyā tao rakkhā || 10929
rakkhāe vi abhāve gahiyā taṭṭhāṇamaṭṭiyā tatto |
tā jāva tattha jāyā jāṇupamāṇāviyaḍakhaḍḍā || 10930
tīse rakkhāe maṭṭiyāe aṇubhāvao sirobāhā |
velājaraegaṃtarajarāirogā paṇassaṃtā || 10931
bhattivaseṇaṃ na maye maṇaṃ pi iha bhāsiyaṃ musā kiṃpi |
jaṃ paccakkhaṃ diṭṭhaṃ tassa vi leso imo bhaṇio || 10932

"The entire Jain community (saṃgha) brought out the corpse^[117] after lifting it onto a bier (vimāna) made from sandalwood (sirikhaṃḍa), with many auspicious pots on its various levels, resplendent with an abundance of white flags. All the other inhabitants of the capital^[118] emerged to see it, with the exception of their domestic watchmen, blocking the streets in their devotion and curiosity.^[119] The expanse of the heavens was deafened by the noise of all the dancing women, musical instruments and troops of bards. King Jayasiṃha and his attendants stood on the highest tower of the palace,^[120] viewing the splendour of the cortege as it went forth. On seeing that extraordinary event (acchariyaṃ)^[121] the king's men said to each other, 'Death may well be undesirable, but we are actually yearning for it now because of the glory^[122] which attends it.' The bier went forth at sunrise and at midday reached the cremation site (sakkārapae), being worshipped by the crowds at every step of the way (samaṇupayaṃ). And as it was receiving this worship many hundreds of crores worth of fine clothing such as silk scarves (paṭṭaṃsuya) were thrown upon it. Then the corpse and the sandalwood bier were burnt along with them. The fuel for the funeral pyre consisted of aloe, sandalwood and thick camphor (ghaṇasāra). When the fire had burnt out, people then took the ashes (rakkhā) from it and all that was left was a clearly defined (aviyaḍa) pit (khaḍḍā) in the shape of Abhayadevasūri (jāṇu).^[123] When the ashes had gone, they then took earth (miṭṭiyā) from that place^[124] and through the application of the ashes and the earth headaches and fevers of varying durations were cured. ^[125] I have not been prompted by simple devotion to say anything in any way false; rather I have described just a part of what I myself saw."

Recently Peter Flügel has offered in two important studies a radical reappraisal of the function of relics in Jain religious culture. ^[126] He draws attention to the fact that even if relic worship has not been fully rationalised by the tradition, the practice can be judged to have become near ubiquitous in contemporary Jainism where the notion of what is entailed by 'relic' has been extended to include not only the physical remains of cremated monks and nuns but also articles of clothing and possessions such as eye glasses.^[127] Through inspecting the evidence of the early textual tradition Flügel explains Jain worship of what he styles 'sacred matter' as deriving from the belief that bodily parts and physical objects connected with cremated monks embody ascetic power which can be transferred by touch. This sacred matter is perceived to be constituted of karmic particles imbued with the innate energy of the soul and as the embodiment of asceticism it has the capacity to transmit this energy in the guise of healing power. In these terms the efficacy of physical relics for Jains derives from specifically material rather than metaphysical or symbolic properties. Flügel goes so far as to argue that the purpose of ascetic cremation in Jainism may have been to produce these relics.

In this light, two points are to be noted from Śrīcandrasūri's avowedly eyewitness description of Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin's cremation. Firstly, there is no suggestion that the dead teacher's physical relics in the form of bones or teeth were collected from the ashes of the funeral pyre for the purposes of commemoration or worship, let alone that some structure on the lines of a stūpa was constructed to house them as a future ritual focus. Secondly, it is clear that Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin's ashes, mingled as they were with the residue of the expensive substances used to cremate the teacher, were regarded as of primary worth for their curative properties and that the almost comically described descent of the spectators upon the post-cremation remains was to gain the dead monk's ashes and portions of the soil which had come into contact with them for the purposes of rakṣā (to use the Sanskrit term), magically protective substance. ^[128] The use of rakṣā was no doubt a regular component of the interplay of religion and healing in medieval India. ^[129] That a Jain monk such as HM might have viewed it as occasionally questionable can be deduced from a passage in the auto-commentary to his Bhavabhāvanā where in an allegorical narrative he describes a brahman ascetic, in fact a manifestation of Rāgakeśarin, 'Passion-Lion', concocting rakṣā to satisfy the gullible.^[130]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Bhadreśvara. Kahāvali (paḍhamapariccheassa paḍhamo khaṃḍo). Edited by Muni Kalyāṇakīrtivijaya. Ahmadābād: Kalikālasarvajña ŚrīHemacandrācārya Navama Janmaśatābdī Smṛti Saṃskāra Śikṣaṇanidhi, 2012.

Haribhadra. Pañcavastuka, Muṃbaī: Jinaśāsana Ārādhanā Ṭrasṭ, 1989.

Haribhadra. Upadeśapada with Municandrasūri's Commentary. Bhuleśvar: Jinaśāsana Ārādhanā Ṭrasṭ, 1990.

Hemacandra Maladhārin. Bhavabhāvanā with Auto-commentary. Ratlām: Ṛṣabhdev Keśarīmaljī Jain Śvetāmbara-saṃsthā, 1936.

Hemacandra Maladhārin, Hāribhadrīyāvaśyakavṛttiṭippanaka, Edited by Muni Kumudavijaya. Bombay: Sheth Devchand Lālbhāi Jain Pustakoddhāra Fund, 1920.

Hemacandra Maladhārin, Hāribhadrīyāvaśyakavṛttiṭippanaka, Edited by Muni Kumudavijaya. Bombay: Sheth Devchand Lālbhāi Jain Pustakoddhāra Fund, 1920.

Hemacandra Maladhārin, Hāribhadrīyāvaśyakavṛttiṭippanaka, Edited by Muni Kumudavijaya. Bombay: Sheth Devchand Lālbhāi Jain Pustakoddhāra Fund, 1920.

Hemacandra Maladhārin. Upadeśapuṣpamālā. Edited by Sāgarmal Jain. Jaypur / Śajāpur: Kuśal Jñān Sajjan Prakāśan / Prācyāvidyāpīṭh, 2007.

Jinacandrasūri. Saṃvegaraṃgaśālā. Edited by Muni Hemendravijaya & Bābubhāī Savcaṃd. Mumbāpurī: Kāntilāl Maṇīlāl, 1969.

Jineśvarasūri. Kathakoṣaprakaraṇa. Edited by Muni Jinavijaya. Bombay: Singhi Jain Series 1949.

Jinadattasūri. Upadeśarasāyanarāsa. In: Three Apabhraṃśa Works of Jinadattasūri. Edited by Lalchandra Bhagawandas Gandhi, pp. 29-66. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1967.

Jinadattasūri. Sandehadolāvalīprakaraṇa. Jetaran: Sheth Chhaganlal Hirachandra, 1918.

Jinaprabhasūri. Vividhatīrthakalpa. Edited by Muni Jinavijaya. Śāntiniketan: Singhi Jain Series 1934.

Merutuṅga. Prabandhacintāmaṇi. Edited by Muni Jinavijaya. Śāntiniketan: Singhi Jain Series, 1933.

Naracandrasūri. Kathāratnasāgara. Edited by Vijayamunicandrasūri. Surat: Ācārya Oṃkārasūri Ārādhanā Bhavan, 2008.

Rājaśekharasūri. Śrīsūrimantranityakarma. Edited by Muni Prītivijaya. Amadāvād, 1931.

Sādhusomagaṇin. Laghuvṛtti on Hemacandra Maladhārin's Puṣpamālā-prakaraṇa. Edited by Buddhisāgaragaṇin. Muṃbaī: Mohanayaśaḥsmāraka Granthamālā, 1960 (unpaginated).

Saṅghadāsa. Vasudevahiṇḍi. Edited by Muni Caturavijaya & Muni Puṇyavijaya. Gāmḍhīnagar: Gujarāt Sāhitya Akādamī, 1989 (reprint).

Śāntisūri. Dharmaratnaprakaraṇa with Auto-commentary. Ahmadāvād: Jain Granth Prakāśak Sabhā, 1953.

Siddharṣi. Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā. Edited by Vijayajinendrasūri. Lākhābāval: Harṣapuṣpāmṛta Jain Granthamālā, 1999.

Śivaśarmasūri. Bandhaśatakaparakaraṇa with the Commentaries of Cakreśasūri and Hemacandrasūri. Second Edition. Edited by Muni Vairāgyarativijaya & Muni Praśamarativijaya. Nāsik: Cintāmaṇi Pārśvanāth Mahārāj Jain Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka Saṅgha, 2005.

Somadeva. Kathāsaritsāgara. Edited by Jagdīś Lāl Śāstrī. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1977.

Śrīcandrasūri. Muṇisuvvayajiṇiṃdacariyaṃ. Edited by Rupendrakumāra Pagāriyā. Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, 1986.

Vardhamānasūri. Dharmaratnakaraṇḍaka. Edited by Paṃnyās Municandravijayagaṇi. Ahmadābād: Śāradāben Cimanbhāī Ejyukeśanal Risarc Seṃṭar, 1994.

Vijayasiṃhasūri. Bhuvaṇasuṃdarīkahā. Edited by Vijayaśīlacandrasūri. Ahmadāvād: Paṇḍit Dalsukh Mālavaṇiyā Prākṛt Granth Pariṣad, 2000.

Secondary Sources

Alsdorf, Ludwig. "Zwei Proben der Volksdichtung aus dem alten Magadha." Kleine Schriften: Nachtragsband, 777-784. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1998.

Bakker, Hans. "Monuments to the Dead in Ancient North India." Indo-Iranian Journal 50 (2007) 11-47.

Balbir, Nalini. "Stories from the Āvaśyaka Commentaries." The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jain Literature. Edited by Phyllis Granoff, 17-74. Oakville: Press, 1990.

Balbir, Nalini. Āvaśyaka-Studien: Introduction générale et traductions. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993.

Balbir, Nalini et al. Somadeva: Océan des rivières de contes. Paris: Gallimard 1997.

Bollée, Willem B. Materials for an Edition and Study of the Piṇḍa- and Oha-nijjuttis of the Śvetāmbara Jain Tradition. Volume 2. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994.

Bollée, Willem B. The Story of Paesi (Paesi-kahāṇayaṃ). Soul and Body in Ancient India: A Dialogue on Materialism. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002.

Bollée, Willem B. "'Adda' or the Oldest Extant Dispute between Jains and Heretics (Sūyagaḍa 2, 6): Part One." Edited by M.A. Dhaky & J.B.Shah, 48-84. Jambū-jyoti (Munivara Jambūvijaya Festschrift). Ahmedabad: Shreshti Kasturbahi Lalbhai Smaraka Nidhi, 2004.

Bollée, Willem B. Gone to the Dogs in Ancient India. München: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2006.

Bronkhorst, Johannes. Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism. Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill, 2011.

Brown, W. Norman. The Story of Kālaka. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1933.

Bühler, Georg. The Life of Hemacandrācārya. Ahmedabad and Calcutta: Singhi Jain Series, 1931.

Caudharī, Gulābchand. Jain Sāhitya kā Bṛhad Itihās, Vol. 6. Vārāṇasī: Pārśvanāth Vidyāśram Śodh Saṃsthān, 1973

Chojnacki, Christine. "Remodelling Jain Novels in the 13th.C." Paper delivered at the 2011 SOAS Jaina Studies Workshop on Jaina Narratives.

Chojnacki, Christine. Vividhatīrthakalpaḥ. Regards sur le lieu saint jaina. Tome 1-2. Institut Français de Pondichéry, 1995.

Cort, John. E. "The Jain Sacred Cosmos: Selections from a Medieval Pilgrimage Text." The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury ofJain Literature. Edited by Phyllis Granoff, 245-290. Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1990.

Cort, John E. "Who is a King? Jain Narratives of Kingship in Medieval Western India." Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History. Edited by John E. Cort, 85- 110. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.

Cort, John E. "The Intellectual Formation of a Jain Monk: A Śvetāmbara Monastic Curriculum." Journal of Indian Philosophy 21 (2001) 327-349.

Cort, John E. "How Jains Know what They Know: A Lay Jain Curriculum." Jambū-jyoti (Munivara Jambūvijaya Festschrift). Edited by M.A. Dhaky & J.B. Shah, 399-413. Ahmedabad: Śhresthi Kasturbai Lalbhai Smarak Nidhi, 2004.

Deleu, Jozef. Viyāhapannatti (Bhagavaī). The Fifth Aṅga of the Jaina Canon. Brugge: De Tempel, 1970.

Devendra, Muni. Jain Jagat ke Jyotirdhar Ācārya. Udaypur: Śrī Tārak Guru Jain Granthālaya, 1985.

Dhaky, M.A. Studies in Nirgrantha Art and Architecture. Ahmedabad: Sambodhi Sansthan, 2012.

Dhaky, M.A & U.S. Moorti. The Temples in Kumbhāriyā. New Delhi and Ahmedabad: American Institute of Indian Studies and Labhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology, 2001.

Dundas, Paul. "The Digambara Jain Warrior." The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Edited by Michael Carrithers and Caroline Humphrey, 169-186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Dundas, Paul. "The Jain Monk Jinapati Sūri Gets the Better of a Nāth Yogī." Tantra in Practice. Edited by David Gordon White, 231-238. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Dundas, Paul. The Jains. Second Edition. New York and London: Routledge, 2002.

Dundas, Paul. "Haribhadra's Lalitavistarā and the Legend of Siddharṣi's Conversion to Buddhism." Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. Edited by Olle Qvarnström, 151-166. Fremont: Asian Humanties Press, 2003.

Dundas, Paul. History, Scripture and Controversy in a Medieval Jain Sect. New York and London: Routledge, 2007.

Dundas, Paul. History, Scripture and Controversy in a Medieval Jain Sect. New York and London: Routledge, 2007.

Dundas, Paul. "The Uses of Narrative: Jineśvara Sūri's Kathākoṣaprakaraṇa as Polemical Text." Edited by Colette Caillat & Nalini Balbir. Jaina Studies, 101-115. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 2008.

Dundas, Paul. "Textual Authority in Ritual Procedure: The Śvetāmbara Jain Controversy Concerning Īryāpathikipratikaramaṇa." Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (2011) 327-350.

Dundas, Paul. "A Digambara Jain Saṃskāra in the Early Seventeenth Century: Lay Funerary Ritual According to Somasenabhaṭṭāraka's Traivarṇikācāra." Indo-Iranian Journal 54 (2011) 99-147.

Dundas, Paul. "A Digambara Jain Saṃskāra in the Early Seventeenth Century: Lay Funerary Ritual According to Somasenabhaṭṭāraka's Traivarṇikācāra." Indo-Iranian Journal 54 (2011) 99-147.

Flügel, Peter. "The Jaina Cult of Relic Stūpas." Numen 57, 3 (2010) 389-504.

Flügel, Peter. "Sacred Matter: Reflections on the Relationship of Karmic and Natural Causality in Jaina Philosophy." Journal of Indian Philosophy 40, 2 (2012) 119-176.

Granoff, Phyllis. "Jinaprabhasūri and Jinadattasūri: Two Studies from the Śvetāmbara Jain Tradition." Speaking of Monks: Religious Biography in India and China. Edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 1-96. Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1992.

Horster, Marietta & Christiane Reitz (ed.). Condensing Texts-Condensed Texts. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 2010.

Jain, Jagdish Chandra. "The Adaptation of Viṣṇu-Bali Legend by Jaina Writers." Journal of the Oriental Institute Baroda 29 (1980) 209-215.

Jain, Kailash Chand. Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1972.

Johnson, Helen M. "The Story of the Thief Rauhiṇeya in the Mahāvīracarita of Hemacandra." Journal of the American Oriental Society 44 (1924) 1-10.

Jyväsjärvi, Mari. "Parivrājikā and Pravrajitā: Categories of Ascetic Women in Dharmaśāstra and Vinaya Commentaries." Indologica Taurinensia 33 (2007) 73-92.

Kāpaḍiyā, Hīrālāl Rasikdās. Jain Saṃskṛt Sāhityano Itihās, Vol. 3. Sūrat: Ācārya Śrī Oṃkārsūri Jñān Mandir, 2004.

Kelting, M. Whitney. Heroic Wives: Rituals, Stories, and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Kelting, M. Whitney. Heroic Wives: Rituals, Stories, and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Koch, Rolf-Heinrich. Die Namaskāra-vyākhyā der Āvaśyaka-Tradition. Dissertation, München 1990.

Koch, Rolf Heinrich. "On The Interrelation of Certain Prakrit Sources." Indologica Taurinensia 35 (2009) 275-286.

Krause, Charlotte. German Jain Śrāvikā Dr. Charlotte Krause: Her Life and Literature Vol. 1. Varanasi: Pārśvanātha Vidyāpīṭha, 1999.

Kulkarni, Vaman Mahadeo. The Story of Rāma in Jain Literature. Ahmedabad: Sarasvati Pustak Bhandar, 1990.

Kulkarni, Vaman Mahadeo. Studies in Jain Literature. Ahmedabad: Shresthi Kasturbia Lalbhai Smaraka Nidhi, 2001.

Kulkarni, Vaman Mahadeo (ed.). A Treasury of Jain Tales. Ahmedabad: Sharadaben Chimanbhai Educational Research Centre, 1994.

Lavani, B.K. et al. (ed.). People of India: Rajasthan. Volume 38, Part 2. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1998.

Leumann, Ernst. An Outline of the Āvaśyaka Literature. Translated by Gerd Baumann. Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, 2010 (Original: Übersicht über die ĀvaśyakaLiteratur. Herausgegeben von Walther Schubing. Hamburg, 1934).

Leumann, Ernst. Kleine Schriften. Herausgegeben von Nalini Balbir. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1998.

Lopez, Donald S. "Sanctification on the Bodhisattva Path." Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions. Edited by Richard Kieckhefer & George D. Bond, 172-217. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Mehtā, Mohanlāl. Jain Sāhitya kā Bṛhad Itihās. Vol. 3. Vārāṇasī: Pārśvanāth Vidyāśram Śoḍh Saṃsthān 1989.

Mehtā, Mohanlāl & Hīrālāl R. Kāpaḍiyā. Jain Sāhitya kā Bṛhad Itihās. Vol. 4. Vārāṇasī: Pārśvanāth Vidyāśram Śodh Saṃsthān, 1968.

Mehta, Mohan Lal & K. Rishabh Chandra. Prakrit Proper Names. Part 1. Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, 1970.

Mehta, Mohan Lal & K. Rishabh Chandra. Prakrit Proper Names. Part 2. Ahmedabad: L.D. Institute of Indology, 1972.

Mette, Adelheid. "The Tales Belonging to the Namaskāra-vyākhyā of the Āvaśyaka-Cūrṇi." Indologica Taurinensia 11 (1983) 129-144.

Mette, Adelheid. Die Erlösungslehre der Jaina. Legenden, Parabeln, Erzählungen. Berlin: Insel Verlag, 2010.

Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan. The Mādhavanidāna and its Chief Commentary, Chapters 1-10. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974.

Nagarajaiah, Hampa. Stories of Abhayakumāra. Krishnapuradoddi: K.S. Muddappa Smaraka Trust, 2008.

Oberlies, Thomas. "Die Erzählungen von Kāmpilya-König Brahmadatta: Eine Untersuchung im Anschluss an Vorarbeiten von Ernst Leumann." Berliner Indologische Studien 9-10 (1997) 259-313.

Oberlies, Thomas. "König Śibi bei den Jainas: Das Śāntināthacarita." Pāsādikadānam: Festschrift for Bhikkhu Pāsādika. Edited by M. Straube et al., 303-322. Marburg: Indica et Tibetica Verlag, 2009.

Schopen, Gregory. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997.

Schubring, Walther. Die Jaina-Handschriften der Preussischen Staatsbibliothek. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1944.

Schubring, Walther. Nāyādhammakahāo: Das sechste Anga des Jain-Siddhānta. Wiesbaden: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, 1978.

Sheth, Hargovind Dās T. Pāia-Sadda-Mahaṇṇavo. Varanasi: Prakrit Text Society, 1963.

Singh, K. India's Communities H-M: Vol. 5. Anthropological Survey of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Skilling, Peter. "The Rakṣā Literature of the Śrāvakayāna." Journal of the Pali Text Society 27 (1992) 109-182.

Smith, John D. The Mahābhārata. London: Penguin Books, 2009.

Tawney, Charles Henry. The Kathākoça or Treasury of Stories. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1895.

Tawney, Charles Henry. The Prabandhacintāmaṇi or Wishing Stone of Narratives Composed by Merutuṅga Ācārya. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1901.

Tawney, Charles Henry (& N. M. Penzer). Somadeva's Kathāsaritsāgara (The Ocean of Story). Vol. 1. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1880/1968.

Tessitori, L. P. Studi gianici. Udine: Società Indologica 'Luigi Pio Tessitori', 1912/2000.

Tripāṭhī, Chandrabhāl. Catalogue of the Jaina Manuscripts at Strasbourg. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975.

Tripuṭī Mahārāj. Jain Paramparāno Itihās, Vol. 2. Amadāvād: Cāritra Smārak Granthamālā, 1960.

Vinayasāgar. Kharatara Gaccha Sāhitya Kośa. Jaypur: Prākṛit Bhāratī Akādamī, 2006.

Wiles, Royce. The Nirayāvaliyāsuyakkhandha and its Commentary by Śrīcandra: Critical Edition, Translation and Notes. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, 2000.

Williams, R. Two Prakrit Versions of the Maṇipati-Carita. London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1959.

Wright, J. Clifford. "The Supplement to Ludwig Alsdorf's Kleine Schriften: A Review Article." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62 (1999) 529-542.

© The Editor. International Journal of Jaina Studies 2013