Dr. N.L. Kachhara
All matter (visible or invisible) is made up of GMV according to Jain philosophy. Science has discovered various kinds of sub atomic particles, which, according to present knowledge, are the smallest constituents of matter. We examine how these sub atomic particles are produced from GMV. Consider the case of leptons first. The neutrino is the smallest lepton having negligible mass and no charge. If neutrino is made of GMV then it must be a combination of at least two GMV, one having positive charge and the other a negative charge. This will be the case when the two GMV have equal and opposite charge. As varganas exist with differing charges it is very likely that more than two GMV combine to produce a neutral charge in neutrino. So a neutrino of negligible mass should be made up of more than two GMV. There are three types of neutrinos. The mass of all three types is negligible but still there is a minor difference between them. Such minor variation in mass is obtained by variation in number of GMV in the three types of neutrinos. This indicates that the neutrino must contain a large number of vargana. It may be noted that when the mass of a neutrino is considered to be negligible, the mass of GMV is truly negligible.
We now consider another lepton, the electron. The mass of electron is 0.511 MeV, which is millions of times greater than the mass of a neutrino. This means that an electron is made of millions of GMV. Some of these GMV may have negative charge and others positive charge. In an electron the number of negative charge GMV exceeds the positive charge GMVs giving a net negative charge (-1). This also shows that the charge of one GMV is millions of times smaller the charge of an electron. And since a GMV contains infinite paramanus, the quantum charge of a paramanu is really unimaginable. The lepton muon is more than 200 times heavier, and tau is about 3500 times heavier than electron and therefore, they must contain more GMV in the same proportion. These particles are unstable and so the GMVs shed off till a stable configuration is obtained.
Next consider the stable baryon particles proton and neutron. These particles are supposed to be made up of quarks. The mass of a proton is 1836.12 times greater them that of the electron and neutron is very slightly heavier than proton. The mass of a quark is uncertain but it is many times more than that of the electron. So a quark is made from that many times more GMV than an electron. There are six types of quarks having fractional charges, both positive and negative, and masses ranging from 2 MeV to 18000 MeV. According to Jain philosophy the fractional charges of quarks are possible by appropriate combination of positive and negative GMV comprising them. Another thing we observe is that the charges of up quark, charm quark and top quark are same but their masses vary considerably. Similar is the case with down quark, strangeness quark and bottom quark. Synthesis of these quarks is clearly possible with suitable combination of GMV. Many more types of particles can be formed, including about 200 discovered so far.
We know that fission of uranium nucleus produces enormous amount of energy. This energy is mainly obtained by conversion of a fraction of nucleus mass into energy in the fission reaction. The fission process releases only about one percent of energy equivalent to the mass of nucleus. One hundred percent conversion of mass into energy takes place where a particle meets its antiparticle and the two annihilate each other. For this to happen all bonds between the paramanus must be broken so that the paramanus are restored to their free state producing almost infinite amount of energy. The process of synthesis of a particle from GMV is a fusion process. Here energy of infinite number of paramanus combines to produce a sub atomic particle. This is truly the statement of Einstein equation. Jain philosophy can, therefore, claim that the energy - mass relationship was known to the omniscient and this was later derived mathematically by Einstein in 20th century.
There are four fundamental forces in nature. The strong nuclear force binds quarks in protons and neutrons and holds protons and neutrons together. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactivity and in a way holds the particles with negative charge together. The electromagnetic force holds oppositely changed particles together. Scientists assume the existence of imaginary particles like gluon, boson and photon for the operation of these three types of forces respectively. Jain philosophy has described attributes of touch qualities for similar functions. We know that bonding between positive paramanu produces heavy touch and bonding between negative paramanus produces light touch. This means that heavy touch holds positive paramanus together and light touch holds negative paramanus together. Thus there is a clear similarity between strong nuclear force and heavy touch and between weak nuclear force and light touch. The bonding between positive and negative paramanus is similar to electromagnetic force. We see that the three types of bonding described in Jain philosophy are equivalent to the three kinds of basic forces known to science.
Gravitation is a different kind of force. Some Jaina scholars have equated gravitation with adharma but this does not seem to be correct. Adharma passively helps the motion of both the soul and paramanu (and its aggregates) whereas gravitation affects the motion of matter only. If gravitation had any influence on the motion of soul then a liberated soul could not travel from Earth to end of loka in one samaya as proclaimed by Jain philosophy. A soul migrates from one body to another, irrespective of the distance between the two, in one to four samaya. The migrating soul has karma body and fiery body, which are made up of four-touch vargana. So there should be no influence of gravity on karma and fiery bodies too. This shows that four touch varganas are gravity free. So what is gravitation? We see that gravitation is concerned with eight touch varganas only like the other three forces. The gravitation as an attractive force appears to be a direct consequence of mass.
The mass is produced by condensation of energy as a consequence of bonding between paramanus. The three basic forces viz., strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force were equated with three kinds of bonds between paramanus. But gravitation may perhaps be due to the combined effect of all kinds of bonding, and so due to the four secondary touch attributes together. Since the four secondary touches do not exist in a paramanu or lower order vargana, the four basic forces assumed by science are not the basic characteristic of matter; they are in fact derived characteristics.
The fundamental forces can be explained with one example. Husband and wife make a family and families constitute the society. The character of husband and wife determines the family bond. It both have positive thinking and one loves and cares for the other, and relegates the self interest to the background the family bond is strongest. If one partner has positive thinking and the other has negative thinking and gives priority to his/her self-interest, the family bond is of medium strength. If both partners have negative thinking, self interest of each is above the good of the other, the bond is weakest. It means that the bond between positive and positive is strongest and that between negative and negative is weakest.
The family has relationship with the society. The social bond is presumably weaker than the family bond in all cases. The social bond exists only when families exist, so family is prerequisite to society. The social bond is stronger with positive - positive family, because both partners have concern for others, and weaker in case of negative - negative family, as none of them cares for others.
The strong nuclear force is like positive - positive family and the weak force is like negative - negative family. The electromagnetic force is liked positive - negative family, which is intermediate between the above, two types. The gravity is like social bond; it exists only when the other three forces exist. Like social bond gravity has strongest relation with nucleus where positive - positive bond exists and has weakest relation with electron where negative - negative bond exists.
In all three types of bonding there exists attraction between paramanus that may manifest as gravitational force. Hence the gravitational force is always attractive. Assuming that a part of bonding energy provides the force of attraction, the positive - positive bonding must contribute more towards the gravitational force than bonding between negative - negative paramanus and positive negative paramanus. Thus protons and neutrons contribute more to gravitational force than electrons. It is also clear that strong nuclear force, weak force and electromagnetic force are primary forces and the gravitational force is a secondary force depending upon the primary forces.
The soft and hard touch offer possible explanation to some observed behaviour of sub atomic particles. The protons carry a majority of positive paramanus held together by soft touch signifying high bonding strength. The electrons carry a majority of negative paramanus held together by hard touches signifying low bonding strength. Thus protons are strongly bonded and electrons are loosely bonded particles. This is the reason why proton decay is not observed in practice. Neutron bond is not as strong and so neutrons decay. The electrons can easily disintegrate and integrate as shown below.
According to quantum physics the electrons settle in orbits around the nucleus of atom in such a way that there is an optimal balance between the attraction of nucleus and the reluctant force of the electrons to be confined. Whenever an atom absorbs energy, its electrons jump to one of the outer orbits and later returns to the inner orbits by emitting the energy absorbed earlier. Since the electrons are never found any where between the orbits, they are assumed to keep jumping from one orbit to another, without passing through the intervening space. This is difficult to understand physically. It is explained by the quantum mechanics with reference to position momentum of the subatomic particles but Jain philosophy offers a simple explanation for this phenomenon.
Bonding between GMV forms an electron and this process can also reverse when suitable condition exists. So it can be assumed that when energy is supplied to atom the electron in the lower orbit disintegrates and simultaneously a new electron is formed in the higher orbit so that the optimal balance and stability is maintained. When the energy is emitted by atom the higher orbit electron disintegrates and a new one is formed in the lower orbit.
We now study the scientific character of other varganas. Our interpretation shall be based on the fact that varganas are electro magnetic energy.
