The Jaina Doctrine of Karma And The Science Of Genetics: ▪ The Meaning of Karma in Nyāya Vaiśeṣika Philosophy

In Nyāya Vaiśeṣika Philosophy the term karma is used in the sense of movement, as the movement in the hand through the association and efforts of the spirit.^[15] That which is a substance, dependent on the substance, devoid of any attribute and free from any causality in association and dissociation, is karma.^[16]

In Nyaya Siddhānta Muktāwali karma, has been differentiated into these 5 types:

1. Utkṣepaṇa (projection)
2. Upkṣepaṇa (reduction)
3. Ākucana (contraction)
4. Prasāraṇa (expansion)
5. Gamana (movement).^[17]